Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is a high-performance surface engineering technology widely adopted in the premium sports equipment industry, particularly in the manufacture of golf club heads (drivers, irons, putters) and metal shafts. Conducted in a vacuum environment, PVD involves the vaporization of a solid target material and its deposition as an ultra-thin, exceptionally hard, and durable coating onto the substrate. In golf equipment, PVD serves dual critical purposes: enhancing...